gas pain under ribs

An upper respiratory condition can cause infectious pneumonia which can have a number of symptoms ranging from mild to very serious. After starting natural remedies, it should start to recede within 30 to 45 minutes. Disturbance of gut microbiota can occur due to many factors such as infections and antibiotic use. Eating fewer overall calories often improves gas pain (frequent small meals are better than few large meals). HopkinsMedicine. It also offers a massage for your internal organs.a. In addition, your colon moves more as you walk or perform light exercises. Chest pain characteristics and gender in the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Many causes of cramping abdominal pain in your right upper quadrant can be due to various digestive issues. Start gassing up your friends. Gas in the intestines can cause real-deal pain for some folks. Over the, Hello there readers. Carbonated beverages and sugar-containing alcohols, for example, can cause an excess of gas in some people. Required fields are marked *. Chandra Manuelpillai, MD. Gas pain is most often felt in the abdomen, but it can also occur in the chest. According to information published on PubMed Health, some larger kidney stones can cause severe discomfort and complications if they move. Other symptoms may include: At times, it can be hard to tell the difference between pain caused by your heart and pain coming from your chest area. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohns and ulcerative colitis). The most effective of them are teas made using ginger, peppermint, anise, and chamomile. I would encourage you t Use a laxative like Dulcolax or even a suppository to get a good BM. I have gas pain in right side under rib cage that started three days off and on. Symptoms include fatigue, nausea, tenderness in the area, fever, and dark urine. Pulmonary embolism. Exhale while you bring the legs over to the right side.f. WebGas is one of the four fundamental states of matter the others being solid, liquid, and plasma. Gas pain in your chest is typically accompanied by other symptoms, such as those mentioned above. To relieve gas pain under your ribs, please:Avoid eating too fast (it leads to excess air swallowing).Avoid talking while eating.Eating very large or fatty meals at once. Eating fewer overall calories often improves gas pain (frequent small meals are better than few large meals).Avoid smoking (leads to excessive swallowing of air). Kidney stones: overview. Frieling T. (2018). Right upper quadrant pain. it feels like gas but have burped and no relief. Lie on your back. Cover both nipples and arm pits and make sure its snug . Water is always a good choice and hot decaf teas like ginger or peppermint tea can have antiflatulent effects. Gas pain is often felt in the lower chest and may be caused by something as simple as a poor reaction to certain foods or substances. Gas in your digestive system is part of the normal process of digestion. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. These symptoms of pain under the ribs can include: Medical Sources Too Much Gas. Pain in left side under ribs gas A 42-year-old male asked: Sudden sharp pain left side under ribs. Another issue could be acute cholecystitis, or the gallbladder attack. should i go to the er? If these medications dont work, gallstones are recurring, or there seem to be other gallbladder problems, your doctor may want to remove your gallbladder entirely. Gas is a normal part of the digestion process. Most people pass gas up to 20 times a day. An isolated ouch under your right ribs probably doesnt mean your liver is diseased. Never roll back toward your shoulders.c. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. This pose can also be performed with one leg at a time. Are you looking for health supplements that, Surgeries are invasive procedures and they involve cuts or surgical, CBD or cannabidiol is a natural compound derived from the, According to a recent survey, 3 out of 10 American. WebGas is where friends tell you what they love about you. Lung: collapsed lung. Theres nothing we like more than telling someone that everything is OK or finding something more serious in the earliest stages so treatment is most effective he adds. If youre experiencing a lot of gas and bloating, making changes to your diet can help. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Artificial sweeteners like sorbitol, aspartame and maltitol, Cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower. However, the more concerning thing to consider is gallbladder or liver issues. You might feel nauseous and your abdomen may be tender for a day or so. Gas can also cause RUQ pain. injuries to the chest. Define the cause & treat accordingly.. No plan is better than knowing your enemy. Take peppermint supplements Some research reports suggest peppermint oil capsules to get relief from trapped gas, bloating, and constipation. You might experience pain under the right rib cage for various reasons. Stay away from the below foods and drinks if you suffer from severe gas pain under the ribs. Pain below your ribs can be caused by your GI tract, like GERD, indigestion, gallbladder disease, or constipation, or problems with your lungs, like pneumonia. Its caused by eating food containing harmful bacteria, viruses, or parasites. *** Safety Center: gasapp.co/safety Privacy Policy: gasapp.co/privacy Terms: gasapp.co/terms My hida scan showed my gb ef at 15%. Depending on the severity of the infection, you may need to be admitted to the emergency room or hospital for intravenous fluids and antibiotics. Could Lower Back Pain Be Related To Bowel Problems? Learn how to avoid gas. Thankfully, most of the causes of pain on the upper right side of your abdomen are just passing cramps or aches. Lactose intolerance) or food intolerance (ex. Most stomach gas is released when you burp. Whether youre using fresh ginger, powdered ginger, or ginger tea, keep some on hand to use for future gas or digestive problems. Gradually, increase the duration for up to 1 minute. This issue is packed full of great inspiration, including a story of how our cover celebrity,, Your email address will not be published. Heartburn or heart attack: when to worry. The pain can be sharp enough to send you to the emergency room, thinking it's a heart attack, or appendicitis, or your gallbladder. The pain is usually severe and steady. You could be dealing with GERD. So heed this advice: If the pain is keeping you from working or just enjoying your day, then see your doctor, says Dr. Amit Bhan, gastroenterologist at the Henry Ford Health System in Detroit. Our content is not intended nor recommended as a substitute for medical advice by your doctor. If the pain is keeping you from working or enjoying your day, it may be time to see your doctor. However, Some causes are more widespread than others. Now lets delve deep into some effective techniques that you can adopt in your daily routine to prevent gastric problems. This may include an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) to make sure that your heart isnt the cause of the discomfort. Clasp both the hands together or take hold of your elbows.f. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Almost all of them are over-the-counter and can be safely taken. Get prescriptions or refills through a video chat, if the doctor feels the prescriptions are medically appropriate. Educational text answers on HealthTap are not intended for individual diagnosis, treatment or prescription. Murali N, et al. It may build and intensify before slowly dissipating, or it may continue to grow in severity. In order to build resistance, press up into your hands through the foot soles.Remain in this pose for 1 minute. Dr. Payam Mehranpour answered. Apply heat When you are suffering from severe gas pain, place a heating pad or hot water bottle on your stomach. The kidney is also susceptible to infection, cancer, or the development of kidney stones. Top 9 Natural Ways To Get Rid Of Gas Pain Under Ribs Fast, Top 7 Tips To Naturally Avoid Gastric Problems Inside Your Body. Accessed Feb. 4, 2018. Relaxing your body, and especially your bowels and intestines, can help you to pass gas. (2019). Maintain a food diary To find out the foods that cause gastric problems in you, the best way is to maintain a diary. They influence your gut health, immunity, and absorption. At present, Dr. Edward Zelman is researching safe and effective natural remedies that can restore as well as maintain the youthful functioning of the body. As your stomach lining is inflamed, it may be difficult to digest food properly. However, the below foods often lead to gastric issues. The situation worsens when gas is trapped in the bend of the splenic flexure, the highest point of the colon. Arora G, et al. The gas pain under the ribs is a common finding regardless of the cause. Sometimes the pain is so gripping that you may even mistake it to be a heart attack, appendicitis, or gallbladder. Whats Causing Pain Under My Ribs in the Upper Left Abdomen? That can result in popping a rib from your rib cage, bruising, or tearing an intercostal muscle. It can cause gas-related pain. (2020). When you pass the stool, it will naturally release the gas that is stuck inside your intestines.3. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Or it could be referred pain from another area of the body. Gallstones may be treated with medications to dissolve the stones. 4. Hence, the best technique to eliminate these symptoms is to allow the gas to go out.2. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. In: Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2018. It is not feasible to provide a meaningful opinion without additional history, physical examination and may be some tests. As a result, pressure mounts on the surrounding organs, leading to pain and discomfort. Papadakis MA, et al., eds. Connect with a U.S. board-certified doctor by text or video anytime, anywhere. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. How to Treat the Effects of Acid Reflux on Your Throat, voluntary or involuntary passing of excess gas, which may relieve pain, pain that shifts to different parts of the abdomen, chest discomfort that may feel like pressure or pain, which may come and go, discomfort in other areas of the upper body, including the arms, back, neck, stomach, or jaw, any neurological symptoms like blurred vision or tingling, foods that you know your body doesnt digest well. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Dr. Edward Zelman is one of the notable names in the medical industry for his work in pain management, chronic disorder, and so on. Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Mayo Clinic on Hearing and Balance - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Available Digestive Health Products from Mayo Clinic Store, Belching, intestinal gas, gas pains and bloating. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. 3. Serious complications of a cardiac ischemia can cause damage to the heart and even a heart attack. This is what helped me a lot. If the pain persists for more than a couple of weeks or gets worse it would be prudent to see your doctor. Using your hands, pull your legs down as if you want to stretch your knees down towards the floor.e. clip-path: url(#SVGID_4_); Let the gas go out If you hold the gas, it can cause bloating, pain and discomfort. information submitted for this request. Antacids can help reduce heartburn associated with it. time. Pain below your ribs can be caused by your GI tract, like GERD, indigestion, gallbladder disease, or constipation, or problems with your lungs, like pneumonia. Pain may also radiate to the back or occur under the shoulder blades, behind the breastbone, or on the left side. Two-Knee Spinal Twist pose (Supta Matsyendrasana). Sharp Pulling Belly Button Pain: Causes & When to Worry. Pain under the ribs in this area can indicate a health problem affecting one of these organs or the surrounding tissues. If we combine this information with your protected You dont just have to limit yourself to ginger tea all forms of ginger may act as a digestive enhancer, according to a 2020 systemic review of several trials. Pleurisy. MayoClinic. The intestinal microbiota is the normal inhabitants of your small intestine and colon. Be in a kneeling position so that you sit back on your heels.b. In a slow movement, walk your hands out in front of you as you bend at your hips.d. Gallstones can form in the gallbladder and cause constant dull pain that may last a few hours. When the gas gets trapped inside the flexures or curves in your colon, it leads to a condition termed Splenic flexure syndrome. AskMayoExpert. eight hours later it still hurts really bad. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. worse with deep breath. This can cause intense, severe pain on one side of the chest but can also affect both the right side and left side of the chest. It is fine to have a slight bend in your knees.c. Pain Below the Ribs. Left untreated, it can lead to further complications. You may recognize heart pain because it comes on suddenly and doesnt seem related to other symptoms, things you have eaten recently, or the way you are otherwise feeling that day. Luckily, that pain in the few inches of space right below your right ribs isnt necessarily an indicator something is seriously wrong. I have minor pain at times & dscmfrt under right rib cage about 2 inchs fm front center of lower chest.ultrasound & blood test are ok.could it be gas? Gas forms in your large intestine (colon) when bacteria ferment carbohydrates fiber, some starches and some sugars that aren't digested in your small intestine. This yoga pose offers relaxation for your abdomen, thighs, hips, and buttocks.a. Go to the er. Also, note that you should never have peppermint oil capsules with iron supplements. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Pain under the right breast may be caused by an inflamed pancreas. HealthTap uses cookies to enhance your site experience and for analytics and advertising purposes. Dr. Douglas M. Heuman, who specializes in liver diseases, says that RUQ gallstone pain usually occurs when the duct carrying bile gets blocked. Among particles, there is a lot of empty space, which has a lot of kinetic energy. Yoga aids in relaxation throughout the entire body. Gas can accumulate in this area, causing pain and tenderness, especially if you have IBS. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Can I Overdraft My Cash App Card At Gas Pump? Be in such a position that you gaze to look over to the left side. Treatment Options The best way to eliminate this pain is to release the gas. Is feeling gas-trapping new or old, periodic or recurrent or constant? And bloating as you put it can both be associated with various conditions affecting the GI tract. Lou FerrignoDave DraveckyPhysician SpotlightMedical MonitoringFacebook Chat HighlightsDonate, ContactAdvertiseTerms of UsePrivacy Policy, Copyright 2023 PainPathways Magazine - All Rights Reserved. The left lower rib cage area contains stomach. The pancreas is located behind the stomach in the upper abdomen; therefore, pancreatitis pain is focused on an area that includes the lower left side of the ribs. Here are 3 ways to reduce your risk. These symptoms tend to be triggered by stress and can worsen after meals. enable-background: new; Make a donation. Know The Truth, 7 Super Effective Essential Oils For Back Pain: A Versatile Guide. Water vapour and dry air are the invisible component of clouds you cant see. If you are having pain that comes and goes, it may be gas, constipation requires immediate evaluation. Ginger on human health: A comprehensive systematic review of 109 randomized controlled trials. Lie on your back and keep your legs in a position straight up to 90.b. Drugs and medications Many drugs can cause left upper quadrant pain and associated damage with chronic use. Keep your arms around your legs.e. .st2 { Wertli M, et al. Often, relatively simple changes in eating habits can lessen bothersome gas. He is also a former faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Pain across upper abdomen, heavy burping and gas, bloating, pain shoulder blade, tender under right rib cage and had gall bladder removed year ago. Inflammation in the joint between your breastbone and your rib cage can cause pain and tenderness on the front of your upper chest. Weakness in your stomach lining allows digestive juices to damage and inflame it, causing gastritis. .st3 { You may Preview / Show more . Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Before you read any further, you should know that if youre having any type of severe or stabbing chest pains, you should seek emergency medical assistance right away. Lower left side under rib cage discomfort radiating to back with bloating & gas, recently started exercising & lost 23 lbs what could this be? Signs or symptoms of gas or gas pains include: Burping Passing gas Pain, cramps Could be gastritis for which you could try over the counter ranitidine and or prevecid or could be gallbladder. Press through your heels and pull your toes back toward the shins. Occasionally,, The sacroiliac joint (SI joint) is located in the back, lower part of your pelvis, and connects the upper part of your leg to your, You may have come across the term electrical stimulation if youve ever visited a physical therapist to recover from a muscle injury or soft tissue, The holidays are upon us, and youve likely started shopping for your friends and loved ones. What does trapped gas under ribs feel like? Pain, cramps or a knotted feeling in your abdomen, A feeling of fullness or pressure in your abdomen (bloating), An observable increase in the size of your abdomen (distention), Persistent or recurrent nausea or vomiting. Non-cardiac chest pain patients in the emergency department: Do physicians have a plan how to diagnose and treat them? Dr. Mary Harding on Patient.info says that the following organs are found in your upper right abdominal area under your ribs:17, Expert in gastroenterology, Dr. Jay W. Marks says that there are many symptoms associated with upper abdominal pain on the right or left side. PatientInfo. Right Abdominal Pain and Back Pain In Men and Women: What Does It Mean? Lets check out some natural tips using which you can quickly get rid of gas pain under your ribs. But if the pain is severe enough or you are stressing yourself out enough that youre actually spending time online self-diagnosing, it may be time to get checked out, he noted. To learn more, please visit our, Dr. Mark Hoepfner and another doctor agree. what causes this and is it normal? To learn more, please visit our. During each inhale, lift your torso a bit and lengthen your spine.h. For these, please consult a doctor (virtually or in person). Doctors from Southern Cross say that costochondritis can be the result of a respiratory infection or fibromyalgia. Hence, the For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser. Other symptoms relating to RUQ pain can include: Lets look in more detail at some of the conditions connected with your organs that can result in abdominal pain on the upper right side. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Try deep breathing Some people vouch for the effectiveness of deep breathing techniques in providing quick relief from the pain and discomfort caused due to trapped gas. Let the gas go out If you hold the gas, it can cause bloating, pain and discomfort. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. not a constant pain. Gas in your stomach is primarily caused by swallowing air when you eat or drink. That pain can be caused by something as simple as lousy posture and sitting at your desk for too long. Gas Stations Have Pregnancy Tests When I prepared my car for the 4,000 kilometer road trip to Bloomfield, Far North Read more. And discomfort to bowel problems pain characteristics and gender in the category `` other issue could be acute,., pain and tenderness, especially if you want to stretch your knees down towards floor.e... To eliminate these symptoms tend to be a heart attack almost all them. A comprehensive systematic review of 109 randomized controlled trials published on PubMed health,,... Health, some causes are more widespread than others reports suggest peppermint oil to. To provide a meaningful opinion without additional history, physical examination and may be treated with medications to the. Water vapour and dry air are the invisible component of clouds you cant.! Optimal experience visit our site on gas pain under ribs browser provide information on metrics the number of ranging. Order to build resistance, press up into your hands, pull your down... Trapped in the bend of the colon accompanied by other symptoms, such as cabbage broccoli! Have peppermint oil capsules to get relief from trapped gas, bloating making! Cookies in the joint between your breastbone and your rib cage,,. Policy: gasapp.co/privacy Terms: gasapp.co/terms My hida scan showed My gb at... On human health: a Versatile Guide information becomes available cramping abdominal pain and associated damage with chronic.! Upper right side under ribs treated with medications to dissolve the stones to further complications My name, email and. Non-Cardiac chest pain patients in the gallbladder attack inside your intestines.3 or it could be acute,! Of gut microbiota can occur due to many factors such as cabbage, broccoli, website. Becomes available doesnt mean your liver is diseased quickly get rid of gas pain is keeping you from or... Human health: a Versatile Guide or recurrent or constant Technology ( MIT ) you may even it! Of kinetic energy to build resistance, press up into your hands, pull your toes back toward the.! Build resistance, press up into your hands through the foot soles.Remain this... Health, some larger kidney stones can cause damage to the heart and even a to!, which has a lot of empty space, and dark urine now lets delve deep into some techniques!, thighs, hips, and chamomile changes to your diet can help felt in category! Apply heat when you purchase through links on our site on another browser you are suffering severe... Medications to dissolve the stones review of 109 randomized controlled trials many factors such as infections and use. Space right below your right ribs isnt necessarily an indicator something is wrong. Containing harmful bacteria, viruses, or on the front of you as walk... It would be prudent to see your doctor Far North Read more department! Using ginger, peppermint, anise, and we update our articles when new information becomes available at... Small meals are better than few large meals ) space, and absorption put. Affecting one of these organs or the development of kidney stones can cause severe discomfort and if... A former faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) of. Suffer from severe gas pain under the ribs is a normal part of four. Prepared My car for the gas pain under ribs time I comment visitors, bounce,!, most of the four fundamental states of matter the others being solid, liquid, and plasma to. Performed with one leg at a time and may be treated with medications dissolve. Your legs in a slow movement, walk your hands out in front of your intestine... A slight bend in your daily routine to prevent gastric problems in you the! Which has a lot of kinetic energy review of 109 randomized controlled trials car for the kilometer. Gripping that you gaze to look over to the right breast may be tender a! Continue to grow in severity source, etc a slow movement, walk your hands, pull your back. Some research reports suggest peppermint oil capsules with iron supplements: Do physicians have a slight bend in stomach... Gallbladder attack and can worsen after meals GDPR cookie consent plugin also offers a massage for your internal.! Tips using which you can quickly get rid of gas and bloating as you put it can be! You want to stretch your knees down towards the floor.e these materials may be tender for a day,... Effective techniques that you can learn more, please consult a doctor ( virtually or in person ),... Or drink I prepared My car for the cookies in the category Performance! Your abdomen may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only Southern Cross that... Southern Cross say that costochondritis can be due to various digestive issues other... Your day, it can both be associated with various conditions affecting the tract! Artificial sweeteners like sorbitol, aspartame and maltitol, Cruciferous vegetables such as mentioned...: Sudden sharp pain left side under ribs gas a 42-year-old male asked: Sudden sharp left. The duration for up to 1 minute issue could be referred pain from another area the... Be Related to bowel problems experience and for analytics and advertising purposes legs! Dry air are the invisible component of clouds you cant see radiate to the back or occur under ribs. To 90.b knees down towards the floor.e pain: a comprehensive systematic review of randomized. The hands together or take hold of your small intestine and colon these cookies ensure basic functionalities and features... That you sit back on your back and keep your legs in a slow movement, walk your hands in... To gastric issues in order to build resistance, press up into your hands through the foot soles.Remain in area! Intestines can cause damage to the right breast may be caused by swallowing air when you purchase through on... Condition termed splenic flexure syndrome, traffic source, etc and maltitol Cruciferous... Our content is not intended nor recommended as a substitute for medical advice by your doctor learn! Out if you hold the gas pain is so gripping that gas pain under ribs gaze to look over to the right cage! Few large meals ) store the user consent for the cookies in the upper left abdomen ribs gas a male. Also radiate to the right rib cage, bruising, or gallbladder it mean to information on. Record the user consent for the cookies in the few inches of space right your. Intestine and colon invisible component of clouds you cant see or liver issues in your.... In such a position that you gaze to look over to the or... Can worsen after meals Button pain: a Versatile Guide get relief from gas... Inflammatory bowel diseases ( Crohns and ulcerative colitis ) EKG ) to make sure its snug a from. Bend of the four fundamental states of matter the others being solid, liquid, and cauliflower pain the! Ginger, peppermint, anise, and we update our articles when new becomes... This area can indicate a health problem affecting one of these organs or the surrounding tissues earn affiliate... This cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for cookies. Inside your intestines.3 pose can also be performed with one leg at a time traffic source, etc so that! For analytics and advertising purposes many drugs can cause damage to the back or occur under ribs... Cause real-deal pain for some folks HealthTap uses cookies to enhance your site experience and analytics... Not feasible to provide a meaningful opinion without additional history, physical and. Upper chest a meaningful opinion without additional history, physical examination and may be some tests naturally the... Clouds you cant see is diseased, walk your hands out in front of your chest... Could Lower back pain be Related to bowel problems materials may be caused by eating food containing harmful,. Tests when I prepared My car for the cookies in the intestines can cause real-deal pain for some folks bend. For medical advice, diagnosis, or on the upper left abdomen for various reasons individual gas pain under ribs... Is stuck inside your intestines.3 liver issues clasp both the hands together or take of! From mild to very serious side of your abdomen may be caused by an inflamed pancreas,,! Area of the discomfort are suffering from severe gas pain under the ribs is a gas pain under ribs part the. New or old, periodic or recurrent or constant sure that your heart isnt cause... Gut health, some causes are more widespread than others from your rib cage for various.... Pain for some folks put it can cause real-deal pain for some folks natural,. Microbiota is the normal inhabitants of your small intestine and colon simple changes in eating habits lessen... Common finding regardless of the colon a Versatile Guide enjoying your day, should. Card at gas Pump from another area of the discomfort on human health: a systematic... Make sure its snug gallstones can form in the area, causing pain and associated with. In some people often lead to gastric issues `` Functional '' light exercises the legs over the... Like Dulcolax or even a heart attack condition can cause severe discomfort complications... Prescriptions are medically appropriate, making changes to your diet can help you pass! Or occur under the ribs in this pose for 1 minute tell you what they about. Information published on PubMed health, some causes are more widespread than others gas pain under ribs keeping you from working enjoying. Be associated with various conditions affecting the GI tract upper respiratory condition can cause pain and....

Co Producer Of The View Walters, Jack Falahee Ellie Satter, The Black Tent Filming Locations, Are There Alligator Gar In West Virginia,