famous whaling ships

The Bowhead, or Great Polar Whale. Meat from whales killed for research is sold as food.Many species of whale have benefitted from the IWCs moratorium. The Brownded Dolphin of Santa Barbara Channel The Sea Lion American colonists relied on whale oil to light most of their lamps.By the mid-1700s, it became increasingly difficult to find whales near the Atlantic coast. This list may not reflect recent changes. The American whaling fleet expanded its operations throughout the worlds oceans, including the whale-rich waters of the Arctic and Antarctic.Whaling in the United States hit its peak in the mid-1800s. Its original regulations, however, were loose, and quotas were high. After Captain Thomas W. Roys discovered bowhead whales in the Arctic in 1848, New Bedford ships soon followed. An ordinary crewman might earn only $25.00 for several years work. The original brig Beaver, like the Dartmouth, was built and owned by the Rotch's, an affluent Nantucket Quaker family.The Beaver was a whaling vessel built in 1772 by Ichabod Thomas at the Brick Kiln Yard on the banks of the North River near Situate, Massachusetts. Guide to the most famous ship names in history - All things boat Our world has been shaped by ships. The other whaleboats fared worse. The following named vessels are reported as having arrived from the California coast : Whale-ships General Scott and Winslow, barques President Kelly and Endeavor. The theme of the song is a call . Sabrina Canfield / March 23, 2022 Moby Dick, arguably the most famous whale ever, was never real.But the vindictive fictional cetacean was inspired by the tale of a real-life sperm whale, which attacked and sunk the whaling boat Essex in the southern Pacific Ocean on Nov. 20, 1820.. Now, Hollywood is recreating that unusual tragedy. The Essex was reportedly built in Amesbury, Massachusetts. Sausalito, Marin County, California Hathaway introduced him to John T. Richardson, a shipowner who recommended the Catalpa. Here in this article, we present you the top 10 famous ships of all time. The other whaleboats returned to find that the Essex had capsized. It is admitted however, that whaling gear and stores can be purchased here lower than at any port short of the Eastern States. Before sea ice formed along Alaska's Arctic coastline this winter, marine archaeologists discovered the wrecks of two 19th-century ships that likely met their demise during a famous whaling . 3 whales; Philip I. Sisson, Greenport, 3 whales; 25th ship China, Howes, N.B. What Mocha Dick destroyed are whaling . James McKenna is fitting out two of his vessels, the barks Northern LightandW. H. Meyer, which are now at the foot of Fremont street, after undergoing a thorough overhauling at the Union Iron Works. Joan Druett Dan Beachy-Quick The whaling barkCharles W. Morgan, which arrived on Tuesday, docked yesterday at the Howard street bulkhead and commenced discharging her cargo of sperm oil. January 10, 1870, Daily Alta California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. From the New York Commercial Advertiser, December 24th. Pierson, of Cold Spring, was wrecked on Jonas Island, June 5th; : all hands saved, but ship and cargo lost. Frontispiece Whaling Scene in the California Lagoons They performed daily duties of cleaning the vessel and taking turns on watch. From the time of the really big lumps that once brought fame and glory, there is only what is now called history on Ameland: the 400-year-old dwellings of former captains of whaling ships. The Whiteheaded or Mottled Grampus Sarah G. Allen, Human Impacts on Seals, Sea Lions, and Sea Otters: Integrating Archeology and Ecology in the Northeast Pacific She was built in Haverhill in the year 1805 and although she went many voyages to all parts of the world was not larger than a small two masted coasting schooner. It is our intention to present to our readers, a weekly report carefully corrected from the latest advices, of every vessel engaged in the Whaling business from ports of the United States we have been led to beleive that a paper of this kind would be interesting to ship owners and merchants, and not less so to the parents and wives anthe sisters, sweethearts and friends of that vast multitude of men, whose business is upon the mighty deep, and who are for years separated from those to whom they are dear. Pollard ultimately relented, and on November 22 the men left the barely afloat Essex. He looks like an old hand who's realizing . The vessel commanded by Chase was damaged, however, and was forced to return to the Essex. 252 Market St., San Francisco, Cal. Every man who ships on a whaler except the cook is a partner in the enterprise from the captain to the ship's boy. This blow will fall with great severity upon New Bedford, Nantucket, Barnstable and other New England cities. They indicate a gradual decay in an industry which was once very important indeed. Although Pollard offered to take his place, the teenager refused. As Hull, Whitby, Peterhead, and other northern ports expanded their whaling fleets, Liverpool's began a slow decline. Hunting, from Ochotsk Sea, Oct. 3d, arrived at this port at a late hour last evening. Corrections? The Charlotte from Tombez, held in company with whaleship Rebecca Simms, New Bedford, 1150 bbls sperm, bound on a cruise: The following vessels have touched at Payta during the month of April: Whaleship Sea Queen, Marshall, of Westport, 130 bbls sperm; ship Clifford Waine, F.H., 300 bbls sperm; ship Congaree, N.B., 450 bbls, 11 months out; ship Roscoe, N.B., 120 bbls sperm, 6mos out; ship Rambler, Nantucket, 120 bbls, ship Susan, Nantucket, oil snot stated. August 24, 1901,Los Angeles Herald, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. SAN FRANCISCO, August 23. Naturalists, Scientists, Teachers, Students, and Navigators will find the work not only exceedingly desirable, but in a degree indispensable. The Sea Elephant Then periodically during the engraving process the sailor would rub a pigment into the cuts and scratches; since ink wasn't readily available, soot from the chimney of the ship's cooking stove was used, or gun powder mixed with whale oil was rubbed into the cuts and scratches. Right Whale of the Northwestern Coast The sinking inspired the climactic scene in Herman Melvilles Moby Dick (1851). Yankee whalers encountered scores of small islands and gave them Yankee names. Head of Female Fur Seal, view of Female Fur Seal from below and attitudes of Fur Seals Essex's Captain George Pollard reported that the whale that destroyed the . Walruses Origin and Ancient Mode of Whale-fishing In 1991, a white humpback whale was spotted off the east coast of Australia and given the name Migaloo. Scrimshaw Gallery The Blackfish Oil can. Their case is one which calls for both private and national assistance. New technologies, including gun-loaded harpoons and steamships, made whalers around the world more efficient. The peak of Australian whaling activity was between 1820 and 1855, with up to 1,300 men working in the industry each year. The Maritime Heritage Project ~ Maritime Nations, Etchings Of A Whaling Cruise: With Notes Of A Sojourn On The Island Of Zanzibar, To Which Is Appended A Brief History Of The Whale Fishery. One in six men in this fleet was African American. 3. Clifford Ashley The 1850s saw the peak of the sperm whale fishery, with some 500 whaling ships. There are probably "petty-fogging lawyers" to create difficulty whenever there is money at stake, but our courts are now but little inclined to assist such efforts. Schiffer Books Glossary of Words and Phrases used by Whalemen. The ship sank around an hour later and killed 30 people. Diagram showing the manner of cutting in the Bowhead and Right Whale The American whaling fleet, based on the East Coast, operated hundreds of ships in the South Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. The Striped or Common Porpoise. That day whales were spotted, and three whaleboats were launched. Facing near death, the men on Pollards boat decided to draw lots to see who would be killed and eaten. While repairs were being made, a huge male sperm whale was spotted close to the ship. Indeed, between 1815 and 1825 Hull had around 2,000 men employed in whaling, with over 60 whaling ships. Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises View on Amazon SCORE 9.6 AI Score AI Score is a ranking system developed by our team of experts. American whaling flourished from the late 1700s through the mid-1800s. The barque George, a whaling vessel from the sea of Ochotsk, is at present discharging her cargo on Cunningham's wharf. Realizing they would need to continue sailing, the crew returned to their navigation charts and determined that while Chile was 3,000 miles (5,600 km) away, Easter Island was less than 1,000 miles (1,900 km). Blubber-fork; Stirring-pole; Skimmer; Bailer, and Fire-pile They were powered by sails and, even though heavily dependent on winds, helped establish the flourishing whaling industry. As petroleum increasingly replaced whale oil throughout the 1850s, the industry went into decline. As we approached her yesterday, her deck wore the appearance of a swamp covered with dried flags; the long knife-like pieces of whalebone in its natural state being piled on end all around the ship. 3 If a boat drew even with the whale, then it would be harpooned and, following a chase, lanced and brought down. Biology, Ecology, Earth Science, Oceanography, Experiential Learning, Social Studies, Economics, World History. The whaling barkCharles W. Morganstarted yesterday on her regular cruise. Ship Jefferson, Capt. One of the most famous whaling captains on the West Coast was Charles Melville . 200 Illustrations. There was a time when the sailors who landed here could scarcely be retained; but that time, to a great extent, has passed by. The George is a barque of 400 tons burthen; was condemned and sold at Oahu in the early part of the present year for $1290; was fitted up at a cost approximating to $8,000, and is now in port as good as the day she was bought, after a voyage of five months, with a cargo worth to the captain $25,000; having in that time cleared 100 per cent for her owner. It would save those companies sending out whale ships hundreds of thousands of dollars, if they resolve to remove the seat of the whaling interest to the Pacific side. The profits of some whaling vessels are still very large, despite the fact that many more are engaged in it now than formerly. These ranks, arranged in a rigid hierarchy, determined the authority each crew member held. Today, Norway supports hunting minke whales for meat. On January 10, 1821, Joy became the first sailor to die, and he was buried at sea; his boat then fell under the command of Obed Hendricks. He had to travel quickly between New York, Boston and New Bedford to be in place for the Catalpas putting to sea. Our whalers make our very best seamen, and on their industry, in a great measure, depends the prosperity of some of the finest towns in the United States. Forty of these cruised in the Arctic Ocean and six in the Ochotsk Sea. The whaling barkCharles W. Morganhas arrived here with a good catch, amounting to 1450 barrels of sperm oil, 150 barrels of whale oil, the product of forty-six sperm and two right whales, and whalebone weighing 2100 pounds. Only Scotchmen and Norwegians are following this bottle-nose fishery, because Americans have not yet found it out. Depending on the size of a vessel, crews ranged in size from fifteen to forty men. With the Essex damaged and missing two whaleboats, Pollard initially opted to return to Nantucket. There is also another difficulty of which it is said shipmasters stand in equal fear. Life and Characteristics of American Whalemen. A shipyard owner, Chr. The George reports having spoken a considerable number of whalers in the Ochotsk the past season, most of which were doing well. . Banded Seal, and Fur Seal November 1, 1891,San Francisco Call, San Francisco, California. The whaling museum in Ballum, garden fences made of long-weathered whale bones. The remains of the vessel, the Two . Paul Poiret, a Parisian designer, introduces a "slim, up-and-down" line of women's clothing, undercutting demand for corsets, and thereby baleen. They were paid not by a wage, but by a share of profits. After being maneuvered within feet of the giant mammal, a harpoon connected to a rope was thrown, tethering the small vessel to the whale. 900 bbls; barque Mary Gardiner, Lowen, Sag Harbor, 7 whales; ship John Wells, Bessie, N.B., 5 whales; India, Long, New London; 2600 bbls; barque Venice, Lester, N.L., 3 whales; Delaware, Homan, N.L., 1000 bbls; ships Sheffieler, Green, Cold Spring, 5 whales; Roman, Blackman, N.B., 5 whales; Sept. 25th, bques Covington, Fall River, 500 bbls; Oscar, Cross, Mattapoisett, 450 bbls; Brunswick; Butler, Dartmouth, 450 bbls; Franklin, Richmond, N.B., 900 bbls. Whaling was a multi-million dollar industry, and some scientists estimate that more whales were hunted in the early 1900s than in the previous four centuries combined. Difficult to locate copies, but worthwhile if possible: John W. Goff (1848-1924) was an Irish-born lawyer and judge, and also a committed Irish nationalist. The Seaman's Hymn by David Coffin. Moving Attitude of a Leopard Seal on shore This image taken by NOAA Ocean Exploration in February. It is not as easy to spend money off Cape Barrow as it used to be among those lovely isles, where the skies forever smile and the blacks forever weep. Pollards cousin Owen Coffin pulled the shortest straw. Its roots lie in the traditional art of whaling men of the 18th and 19th centuries, but it has developed as a recognized art form. Essex, American whaling ship that was rammed by a sperm whale on November 20, 1820, and later sank. Indian Whaling Implements Aleutian Islanders' Seal Otter Canoe, or Bairdarka, with Hunters engaged in the chase; Aleutian Islanders' Sea Otter; Spear, and Spear Head, full size Santa Maria Mayflower HMS Victory USS Constitution HMS Beagle Flying Cloud RMS Lusitania RMS Titanic USS Arizona Battleship Bismarck 1 - Santa Maria Cachalot is an old name for the sperm whale. Ship Washington, Capt. January 16, 1891, Daily Alta California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. It was used primarily for oil lamps. The San Diego Bay Grampus. 11.) However, First Mate Owen Chasepossibly worried that the men, believing the knockdown was a bad omen, might desertconvinced him to continue. Famous Nantucket whaling vessel was captained by man who inspired Herman Melville's famous book, Moby-Dick. Whale-boat with Greener's Gun Mounted. The Yankee Whaler All rights reserved. Christensen converted an old cargo ship into the first modern floating factory ship. Most ships pay wages as well as a lay, so that on the whalers who confront icebergs and ice floes, as well as the ordinary dangers of the sea, the wages of the crew are generally pretty good. Description of a Skeleton of the Right Whale. On December 20, after having traveled some 1,500 miles (2,800 km), they arrived at what they thought was Ducie Island (it was actually nearby Henderson), one of the Pitcairn Islands. Baleen or whalebone had many uses including corset stays, men s collars, buggy whips, and cutlery handles. A Shipwreck, a Robot and an Archival Treasure Hunt Reveal the Diverse History of the Whaling Industry Free Black Americans and Native Americans once worked on the "Industry," a whaling ship. The Puget Sound Grampus Now, there are few whales left in Hudson Bay or on the coast of Spitzbergen, and the era of whale fishing among Polynesian islands, which was the dream of young sailors half a century ago, has come to an end. Success say we to the effort to establish a whaling port and depot in the the bay of San Francisco. Omissions? [1] The Japanese may have been doing so even earlier.Traditions as varied as the Inuit (who hunted in the Arctic Ocean), Basque (who hunted in the Atlantic), and Japanese (who hunted in the Pacific) relied on whales to provide material goods, as well as part of their cultural identity.Nearly every part of the whale was used. Ranks on a Whaleship (Sam Fleming/WBUR) Kip Files is captain of the ship. Mast-head Waif As New Bedford grew to become the worlds largest whaling port, the workforce was increasingly comprised of men from farming and laboring backgrounds. He is part of the Hull School, a group of artists specialising in marine paintings, including whaling. The San Francisco whaling fleet is beginning to take wings, and soon all of them will be out on the chase after their wary old enemy. Between 1884 and 1892, more than 40 whaling ships a year, including the new steam whalers, operated from the bay. Russell, were wrecked on Companies Island, on the 14th of May: all hands saved, but ships and cargoes lost. The whaling barksCharles W. MorganandCaliforniahave cleared for another whaling cruise, and within a few days all the blubber hunters that are not going to lay up for the winter will be heading for the whaling grounds. Lagoon-whaling Incidents. The Right Whale of the Northwestern Coast. The bottle-nose whale fishery is still very successful. A hundred ships or more might be anchored along the San Francisco waterfront, where they stocked up on provisions for their long Pacific and Arctic voyages. The Rebecca of New Bedford sailed around the Horn (the southernmost tip of South America) in 1793, becoming one of the first whalers to enter the Pacific from an American port, launching the era of round-the-world- whaling. The Panama Grampus TheMorganis owned by J. and W. R Wing of New Bedford, whose representative arrived here a few days ago. Whaling expeditions often lasted three years or longer before returning home. The industry continued until many years of whaling forced the creatures almost into extinction. These appear to be the principal objections urged against making San Francisco the place of rendezvous for whalers in this portion of the world. The Sperm Whale For the first time in more than 140 years, humans have laid eyes on doomed ships from the infamous Whaling Disaster of 1871. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. Stuart M. Frank. The world of the ship was isolated, highly structured, racially integrated, and, by the mid-1800s, increasingly populated by captains' wives and children who joined on longer voyages. Justice Goff's Irish Rescue Party. Chris Hemsworth stars in the Ron Howard-directed In the Heart of the Sea, which opens Dec. 11 . Depending on the size of a vessel, crews ranged in size from fifteen to forty men. A brief article on the not-so-brief history of whaling, its culture, and the need to protect whale species today. At the same time, Chr. Negroes, as African-Americans were called at the time. Amy Tikkanen is the general corrections manager, handling a wide range of topics that include Hollywood, politics, books, and anything related to the. Carroll -- Left in Shanter Bay, August 10, ships Thomas Nye, Smiths, New Bedford, 5 whales; Eliza F. Mason, Jernegan, N. B., 600 bbls; 15th, barque Canton Packet, Baden, N.B. On Wednesday, scientists announced they . ~ WhalingMuseum.org. For further particulars concerning the whaling fleet, we refer to our Marine Report. The California Gray Whale, and the Finback Whale From 1841 to 1864, it made six successful whaling voyages, hunting whales under masters John Tobey, Benjamin C. Sayer, Oliver C. Coffin, and Rowland C. Phinney; circumnavigating the globe under Perry Winslow; and hunting in the Arctic under Francis Macy Gardner. Implements used in Cutting-in a Whale ParkercPeugh. There is a growing disposition among the whalers to make this port their rendezvous during the winter, and next year a considerable number of the whaling fleet may be expected in San Francisco, as we are informed by the officer of the George; but at present the rates of repairing and fitting out in in this harbor are so much higher than at the Islands, whalers will go there in preference. Some three weeks later, another sailor in that boat died, and the decision was made to cannibalize his body. B. C., June 15. Aleutian Islander's Whale Harpoon Nantucket and the mainland Massachusetts town of New Bedford were the whaling capitals of the . During most of the history of American whaling, ships drew their crews from men of varied racial and ethnic backgrounds. D. Blethen Adams Levy, MaritimeHeritage.org Sailors traveled from New England to the Pacific, Arctic and in between looking for whales. The IWCs purpose is to prevent overhunting of whales. On February 18, the remaining three sailors in Chases boat spotted a distant ship, the British brig Indian, and managed to sail to it, ending their 89-day ordeal. The take was determined by the ships owner, however, who deducted for the cost of the voyage. The American Whale-fishery Though whales were never hunted in San Francisco Bay itself, the whaling industry had a long presence along the Pacific Coast. 400 Years of Florida Shipwrecks. Petticoat Whalers, first published in New Zealand in 1991, has been out of print since 1995. Lagoon-whaling. In 2017 we had an exhibit called Hunting the Whale: The Rise and Fall of a Southampton Industry which highlighted the story of a handful of whaling Captains that lived in Southampton and told the story of how Southampton participated in the whaling industry. Per Chas. A number of seaports in New England supported the whaling industry, but one town, New Bedford, Massachusetts, became known as the world's center of whaling. Pequod is a Native American whaling ship name. November 7, 1871, Sacramento Daily Union, Sacramento, California, U.S.A. It seems that because the last surviving whaling vessel, the ship Charles W. Morgan built in New Bedford in 1841, is part of the Museum, people tend to think that Mystic was one of the major American whaling ports. Todd J. Braje, Marine Conservation Biology Similar to other merchant vessels of the time, the Beaver was about 85 feet long with a beam of nearly 24 feet. The famed Essex, an inspiration for Moby Dick, was sunk by a whale in 1820: of its crew of nineteen, six were black. The whalers will not go direct to the Arctic sea, but will cruise south until the breaking up of the ice north, about the middle of May. Humpbacks Lobtailing, Bolting, Breaching and Finning The early deep sea whalers usually carried crews of: However, it was not until some two months into the voyage, when the Essex was south of Rio de Janeiro, that the first whale was sighted. The season altogether is considered a favorable one. With over 700 photos, this book presents a history of scrimshaw, provides instruction on carving and decorating beautiful scrimshaw, and displays a gallery of 45 international artists. After the animal became tired, the sailors would kill it with a lance and then tow it to the main vessel, where it was harvested for blubber and oil. Commercial whaling began in the Atlantic, but as whale populations declined, the chase spread to the Pacific and Arctic oceans. Petticoat Whalers: Whaling Wives at Sea, 1820-1920 The American whaling fleet, based on the East Coast, operated hundreds of ships in the South Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. While it has been said the Eskimos passed this art form on to the New England sailors and whalers, sailors and whalers led the way to the modern Scrimshaw we see today. Dennis Duggan, a Fenian who had been a schoolmate of Devoys and was a veteran of 1867, was one who did. Seal Spear of the Makah Indians, Nee-ah Bay, W. T., 1866, and Spear Head, full size, with line attached It was possible in those days to begin as a foremast hand and work up to the position of captain. Sailors, Whalers, Fantastic Sea Voyages Maritime history is filled with stories of great sailing ships, plying the massive oceans of the world, run by rugged, swaggering, masculine sailors. Pages are filled with tips, techniques, and insights that both educate and demonstrate the steps to creating authentic and beautiful scrimshaw. Again, the desertion of seamen is a thing not very likely to occur in San Francisco sat present. The Weddell Sea in Antarctica. A Whale Scene of 1763 he stores necessary to fit, out a whaler will soon be for sale as low here as on the Atlantic. Margaret B. Schram 15563 has been identified as Industry, the only whaling ship known to have sunk in the Gulf of Mexico. As of 2011, NOAA is considering allowing the Makah to conduct limited hunting of the eastern Pacific gray whale. And Cornelius Cransbergen. Full-aged Male Fur Seal, St. Paul's Island December 3, 2015. It is on the cards that other whales, emulous of their long lost brother's fame, will presently assist in the exploration of the Antarctic continent by demonstrating that the range of the Southern whale, like that of the right whale of the Arctic, is circumpolar. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. Below is a look back at some of those people who were talked about in the exhibit. They will probably be ready for sea at the end of the month. The whales were scarce, wild, and very small. She was known as a lucky ship because she always returned a profit regardless of rough seas, storms, or cannibals. Many men got paid in advance, in order to send money home to their families. The huge whale became famous for escaping ships over the next 28 years before he was at last killed by whalers in a dramatic encounter that was publicized by writer Jeremiah N. Reynolds in an. Invariably the only woman aboard a very cramped ship, they endured harsh conditions to provide companionship for their husbands, and sometimes even exerted a strong unofficial moral influence on a rowdy crew. October 28, 1855, Daily Alta California, San Francisco. Blubber-hook and Fin-Chain $17. The steamerTacoma, which arrived today from the Orient, reports that on June 2 she sighted a ship on fire which proved to be the San Francisco whaler,Charles W. Morgan.Tacomabore down, but the fire was under control and the whaler not wanting further assistance, theTacomacame on. She brings 660 bbls oil, 10,000 lbs. Under this theory, the agitated animal believed that the boat was actually another male that had entered his territory. Moby Dick. On July 13, 1813, the Greenwich, a British ship captured by the US Navy, which was at war with Britain, captured the Seringapatam off Tumbes, Peru. But while the subject is being agitated in the East, the oil trade is actually largely increasing here. At the time of the War of Independence, 360 whalers sailed out of American ports, chiefly from ports in Massachusetts, Connecticut and Long island; in 1846 the number had increased to 735 vessels; in 880 it had declined to about 175 vessels; and now the census report shows only 101 craft engaged in the chase of the whale. Today, fine scrimshaw miniatures adorn handcrafted knives, jewelry, billiard cues, cigarette lighters, and many other objects. After speaking of the whalers engaged in taking the monsters of the deep in or near the bay of Monterey, the Sentinel give these following extract from an Eastern paper: A movement is going on in New Bedford to remove the seat of the whaling interest from that place and the other Atlantic ports, to some point on the Pacific coast. Although Yankees still went whaling, few shipped out as foremast hands more than once. Whalemen ate and slept according to their rank. DEWEY & CO. Snapshot from video. The private sealers are beginning to show some signs of life after the torpor of the early winter. The Scrimshaw Gallery, home of a vast selection of nautical art, scrimshaw, paintings and prints, knives, sculptures and other collectibles. Shipwreck Beach June 17, 1885,Daily Alta California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact [email protected] for more information and to obtain a license. It from 0 to 10 are automatically scored by our tool based upon the data collected (at the time of writing, more than 4,000 books and 3,000 authors). Reuters Endurance sank in 1915 when it was crushed by ice during Shackleton's attempt to become the first to cross Antarctica. An American by the name of Packhard was in possession of the principal storehouse at Ayan when the George was there, and he appeared to be doing a thriving business, as a great number of pack animals came into town from the country and carried off the stores he sold.

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